𝐌𝐨𝐮𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞𝐫

Oral cancer is a gastrointestinal system cancer that is located in the oral cavity. Also referred to as mouth cancer, encompasses malignancies arising in the lining of the lips, mouth, or upper throat. Typically, it begins as a painless white patch that progressively thickens, develops red patches, forms an ulcer, and continues to grow. On the lips, it often presents as a persistent crusting ulcer that fails to heal and gradually enlarges. Additional symptoms may include difficulty or pain during swallowing, new lumps or bumps in the neck, swelling within the mouth, or a sensation of numbness in the mouth or lips.

The primary risk factors for oral cancer include tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. Individuals who both smoke and consume alcohol are at a significantly higher risk. Other contributing factors encompass infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV), chewing betel quid (paan), and prolonged sun exposure affecting the lower lip.

Oral cancer falls under the broader category of head and neck cancers. Diagnosis typically involves a biopsy of the affected area, supplemented by imaging studies such as CT scans, MRI, or PET scans to assess the extent of the disease and potential metastasis.

Preventative measures include abstaining from tobacco products, moderating alcohol intake, protecting the lips from excessive sun exposure, receiving the HPV vaccination, and avoiding the chewing of betel quid. Treatment strategies for oral cancer may involve surgery to excise the tumor and regional lymph nodes, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, or targeted therapy. The choice of treatment depends on factors such as the tumor's size, location, extent of spread, and the patient's overall health.

In the United Kingdom, the incidence of oral cancer has been rising. Recent data indicates that new cases have reached 10,825 annually, marking a 38% increase over the last decade and a 133% rise compared to two decades ago. Approximately 53% of these cancers occur on the tongue and tonsils. The mortality rate is also concerning, with 3,637 deaths reported last year. The ten-year survival rate varies between 18% and 57%, contingent upon the cancer's location and the timeliness of diagnosis.

These statistics underscore the critical importance of early detection and intervention in improving survival outcomes for individuals affected by oral cancer.